Pronombres otros usos

¿Cómo se usan los pronombres He, She, It en inglés? 

¿Sabes usar los pronombres he, she, it en inglés?

Hace poco, tuve una larga conversación con una amiga sobre el tema. Ella me explica que en la escuela siempre enseñaban: he para hombres, she para mujeres, it para objetos y animales. Así de sencillo.

Sin embargo la duda surge cuando alguien llama he o she a su mascota. Entonces… ¿hay excepciones? ¿Se puede usar pronombres de género con los animales? ¡Claro que sí!

¿Cómo se usan los pronombres he, she, it en Inglés?

Pues, efectivamente, como han enseñado a mi amiga, en Inglés se usa he para hombres y she para mujeres. Pero también se pueden usar para animales. Otra cosa que no te enseñaron en la escuela.  Suele pasar con las mascotas, concretamente, porque sabemos perfectamente el género de un perro o un gato. También con animales de granja (vacas, toros, gallos, gallinas etc) cuando el género es importante.

El caso es que si un animal tiene un genero claro, no hay problema con llamarlo he o she. Otros animales, en cambio, no tienen género claro.

Solo los pulpos saben si son macho o hembra, así que normalmente no llamaríamos un pulpo según su género. Y si tu mascota es una tortuga o un serpiente, supongo que usas it porque no está muy claro el género.

Is that a sheep? 

No, it isn’t. It’s a goat. 

Ejemplos de cómo usar he, she e it en Inglés

Aquí unos ejemplos más de uso de los pronombres en inglés…

• Q: Where’s the cat?
• A: She’s behind the sofa.
• Q: Ok, and where’s the dog?
• A: He’s in the yard.
• Q: And the baby?
• A: He’s in bed.
• Q: Great. Now where’s my phone?
• A: It’s on the table.

El teléfono, por supuesto, no tiene género. Pero el perro, el gato, y el bebé sí.

El pronombre it con personas

¿Se puede usar “it” para hablar de personas?   Resulta que sí…

Efectivamente, a veces puedes utilizar it para identificarte a otra persona.

En el teléfono:

• Bill: Hello?
• Daniel: Hi Bill, it’s Daniel. Are you busy?
• Bill: Oh, hi Daniel. What’s up?

Aquí Daniel utilizó “it’s” para identificarse.  Pero también se usa si estás tocando el timbre de una casa. Por ejemplo:

• El timbre: Ring ring!
• Bill: Yeah?
• Daniel: Hey, it’s Daniel.
• Bill: Oh, hey Daniel. Come on up!

La razón de este uso es que cuando no ves directamente a la persona con quien estás hablando no puedes verificar visualmente su género antes de iniciar el diálogo ni por teléfono ni cuando tocas el timbre.

Cómo usar this y that con personas

También se puede usar this y that para referirte a personas. This si es una persona que estás presentando (y que tienes muy cerca físicamente), y that si es una persona que estás indicando desde más lejos:

Presentando a alguien en una fiesta:

• Daniel: Hey Tom. This is Sonia.
• Tom: Oh, hey Sonia. Nice to meet you!
• Sonia: Nice to meet you, Tom. What do you do?

Indicando a alguien:

• Daniel: See that girl over there? The one with blonde hair? That’s my friend Jane.
• Tom: Oh wow, she’s cute! Can I meet her?
• Daniel: Sure, no problem. I’ll introduce you later. Do you see the guy next to her?
• Tom: Yeah. Is that her boyfriend?
• Daniel: No, that’s Pedro. He’s from Mexico. I think they work together.

En estas frases, se puede usar también he y she, ya que estamos hablando de personas. Pero solemos usar this y that para personas también, si estamos presentando o indicando a alguien por primera vez (antes de decir el nombre).

El pronombre “it” para el tiempo, la distancia, etc

Debería mencionar que también se usa it para cosas como el tiempo, la hora, la distancia, y la situación general.

• It’s a beautiful day today, isn’t it?
• It rained all night long.
• It’s about 200 km from Madrid to Salamanca.
• It’s getting late. I should get to bed.
• Q: What time is it?
• A: It’s five o’clock. Are you ready to go?

Y hay más usos… pero será historia para otro día.

¿Quieres aprender más inglés?

Espero que te haya ayudado la explicación de los pronombres he, she, it.  Como ves, a veces las cosas no son tan limitadas como te contaron en la escuela.

testing

Using a Dictionary

How to Use a Dictionary

Of the approximately 1 million words in the English language, the average English speaker knows 60,000 of those words. Besides helping with spelling and word meanings, being able to use a dictionary effectively and regularly is a perfect way to improve your English language skills through the dictionary's range of other helpful information on everyday language usage and grammar.

1 Choose the right dictionary. 

It's also a good idea to upgrade your dictionary every now and then so that you have access to the latest new words that are added to the dictionary every year.

• Consider purchasing specialist dictionaries if they'd be useful in your study or career. Some examples of specialist dictionaries include language dictionaries, technical dictionaries, rhymes, crossword, subject dictionaries (for example, for math, chemistry, biology, horticulture, etc.), illustrated dictionaries (excellent for learning another language or for technical knowledge), slang and idioms, etc.
• Many universities have subscriptions to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) that provides in-depth information on the history and origins of the word.
• Note that many countries have their own native dictionaries that might be more helpful than sourcing a dictionary from just anywhere, such as the Macquarie dictionary in Australia, Oxford dictionary in England, Webster's dictionary in the United States, etc.
• Some schools, universities, and workplaces prefer the use of one particular dictionary. This is for reasons of maintaining a consistent style and understanding among everyone using them; make sure you use the right one for your assignments, editing, and reports. Check the syllabus or employee handbook to find out.

2 Read the introduction. 

The best way to learn how to use your particular dictionary effectively is to read its introductory section where you'll find out how the entries are arranged. The introductory section of your dictionary will explain important information such as the abbreviations and pronunciation symbols used throughout the entries.

• Introductions to dictionaries explain things like how entries are arranged (they typically give the word, and the variations of the word; what part of speech the word is; pronunciation of the word; definition, etc.). Reading the introduction will give you a handle on how to find words and how to use the information that you do find.
• There may also be information on the pronunciation of words with similar spellings; this can be helpful if you have only heard a word and you're not sure of its spelling. For example, if you hear "not", it might also be "knot" but the "k" is silent, and this list can help you with suggestions.

3 Learn the abbreviations. 

Dictionaries often have abbreviations in the definitions for a word. This can be confusing if you don't know what the abbreviations stand for. Typically a dictionary will have a list of abbreviations near the front of the book; either in the introduction or after it.

• For example "adj." stands for "adjective" and will tell you what kind of word the word you're looking up is. "Adv." or "advb." can stand for "adverb; adverbially."
• Something like "n." can stand for at least three different things: the most obvious and common is "noun," but it can also stand for "neuter" or "north" depending on the context. So make sure that you check the context of the word when you're looking it up.

4 Learn the guide to pronunciation. 

If you immediately jump right into reading the dictionary without understanding the pronunciation guide, it can be difficult to figure it out. Having an idea about the symbols of pronunciation will make it a lot easier for you.

• The pronunciation of a word will be placed between two reversed virgules (\ \) and will typically be printed in italics.
• A single stress mark (') precedes the strongest syllable in a word. A double mark precedes the syllable with a medium (or secondary stress) ("), and the third level of stress has no marker. For example, penmanship would look like this \'pen-m&n-"ship\.
• The symbol \&\ indicates an unstressed vowel. This symbol often intrudes between a stressed vowel and a following \r\ or \l\, such as in sour \'sau(-&)r\.
• The symbol \ä\ symbolizes the type of "a" sound that appears in words like "caught," or "fought." Compare this to the symbol \a\ which designates the sound "a" in "mat, map, snap," and so on. The word doesn't necessarily have to have the letter "a" to have a type of "a" sound.

Part 2  Looking Up a Word

1 Find the section of the dictionary with the first letter of your word.

Dictionaries follow alphabetical order. For example, "dog" begins with "d" which means that it will be in the section after "c" and before "e".

• Don't forget the possible spellings for trickier words, such as "gnome" begins with a "g", or "psychology" begins with a "p", or "knock" begins with a "k", etc.
• If you're not entirely sure what the first letter is, start with the letter it sounds like. If you can't find the word under that section, then try other sections. For example, if you didn't know that "psychology" begins with a "p" you might start looking in the "s" section. When you couldn't find it there, you might try looking in the "p" section next because you can think along the lines of "psychic" and "psychosis."
• Also, keep in mind that certain words sound alike that are spelled very differently. For example, "throne" and "thrown" are spelled differently and mean very different things. So be careful that you end up with the correct word.

2 Read the guide words. 

These are the two words at the top of the page that tell you what types of words are on the page. These words will help you find the word you're looking for in the right letter section.

• For example if you're looking for the word "bramble" you would begin looking in the "B" section. You would look at the tops of the pages as you went through it until you came to the page with the guide words "braid bread." This tells you that all the words between braid and bread are on this page. Since "bramble" starts with "b-r-a" it will be in this section.
• As always, the dictionary goes in alphabetical order, so bramble (b-r-a) will come before bread (b-r-e).

3 Scan down the page for your word. 

If you were looking for the word "futile," for example, you would move past "furry" and "fuse" and "fuss". Since the example word begins with "f-u-t", go past all the "f-u-r" and all the "f-u-s" words alphabetically until you reach the "f-u-t" area of the page. In this example, move right down through "fut" and "Futhark" and this is where you will find "futile."

• If you're looking up a word like “futilely” but can't find it, look at the root work to see if it mentions the work you're looking for.

4 Read the definition. 

Once you've located the word it will tell you exactly what it means (and if it has more than one meaning, it will tell you the most common one first), how to pronounce it, how to capitalize it (if it's a proper noun), what part of speech it is and so on.

• Quite a few people get daunted by the definitions themselves because they can involve words that you have to then look up. Don't feel discouraged. See if you can figure out the meaning from the example sentences provided and if not, look up the words you aren't sure of.
• Dictionaries can also sometimes give the synonyms (words that mean the same thing as your word) and the antonyms of a word (words that mean the opposite of your word). So, for example, if your word is futile some synonyms might be "fruitless" or "unsuccessful" and some antonyms might be "effective" or "helpful." You can also find near neighbor words such as "futility".
• You might also find an etymology, derivation, or history of the word. Even if you don't know Latin or Ancient Greek, you may find that this information helps you to remember or understand the word. Check the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) for in-depth looks at the origins of the word.
• Dictionaries also often provide spellings in other English derivations (US English, British English, Australian English, etc.).

5 Alternately, you could use an online dictionary. 

Online dictionaries are easy. Choose a suitable free online dictionary, or a subscription one if your place of work or study subscribes. Type in the word you're looking for. The search engine will return the word to you and the definition section should contain most of the elements discussed above.

• Make use of the audio content provided with online dictionaries. This can help considerably when you're unsure how to pronounce the word.
• To use Google to find online definitions, type: "define: futile". The search engine will only look for definitions.
• Note that free services may not be as comprehensive as a subscription or book dictionary, so keep this in mind when you're not sure that you've found the right answer. Always check at least 2 different online definitions for the word you're looking for.

Part 3  Using Your Dictionary Further

1 Use the dictionary to find standard letter forms. 

Hard copy dictionaries (rather than online ones) often have standard letters for jobs, for RSVPs, for filing complaints, for various official writings.

2 Research various facts. 

Dictionaries often have more than just words and their definitions. Some of them have lots of information about the world, usually in the form of various lists. These include geographical information (like maps, countries, cities, capitals, etc.)

• Hard copy dictionaries often have different weights and volumes, as well as conversion tables. This can come in handy if you need to convert pounds to kilograms or vice versa.
• You can also usually find statistics on population in various cities and countries, as well as lists of the flags of different countries, states, provinces, and regions around the world.
• Many dictionaries also have lists of famous or historical people, which you can peruse.

3 Have fun! 

Simply browse a dictionary to enlighten yourself about new words now and then. Open the dictionary up to any page and scan the page for words that are unfamiliar or seem interesting. Pinpoint them, read the definition and try to add the new word to your thinking or talking during the next few days until it becomes a remembered part of your natural vocabulary.

• Play the dictionary game with friends. This consists of getting some friends together and a dictionary. The first player looks up a challenging word and uses it in a sentence. The other players have to guess if the use of the word is accurate or an outright fabrication. If a player guesses correctly, it's their turn next.
• Another dictionary game: Each player chooses a word which should be familiar to the other players, then reads out the dictionary definition. The other players compete to guess the word as quickly as possible - perhaps even shouting out while the definition is still being read.
• Play Balderdash with a foreign language dictionary. Pick a random obscure word and then have people make up definitions along with having the real definition, having people guess which definition is the "real" one.

See this video

Don't have or Haven't?

DIFERENCIA ENTRE DON’T HAVE Y HAVEN’T

Un error común que cometen los estudiantes de inglés es el uso incorrecto de have en negativo y en pregunta.  Si eres una de las personas que diría I haven’t time para no tengo tiempo, necesitas leer este post en el que explico la diferencia entre don’t have y haven’t.

La confusión surge porque have tiene dos funciones en inglés – verbo principal (tener) y verbo auxiliar (haber) – y los dos tipos se tratan diferente a la hora de conjugarlos en negativo y en pregunta tanto en presente como en pasado.






VERBO PRINCIPAL
Como cualquier verbo principal, cuando have se usa para tener en español, se forman las preguntas positivas con do/does en presente y did en pasado y las frases y preguntas negativas con don’t/doesn’t en presente y didn’t en pasado.

Frases negativas Preguntas
Yo no tengo     I don’t have         ¿Tienes?     Do you have?
Él no tiene He doesn’t have ¿Él no tiene? Doesn’t he have?
Ellos no tenían
They didn’t have
¿Ellos tenían? Did they have?
Ella no tenía She didn’t have ¿Ella no tenía?
Didn’t she have?
Para una explicación más detallada de la formación de preguntas y frases negativas en presente lee Presente Simple en inglés (1ª Parte) y Presente Simple en inglés (2ª Parte) y en pasado Pasado simple – Cómo formar preguntas y negativas en pasado en inglés.



VERBO AUXILIAR
Como otros verbos auxiliares, cuando have se usa para haber en español, se forman las negativas añadiendo n’t (la forma contraida de not) al final de have (o has o had) para formar haven’t (o hasn’t o hadn’t).  Este verbo va seguido del participio pasado – ¡NUNCA por un sustantivo!

Frases negativas Preguntas
Yo no he …     I haven’t …         ¿Has …?     Have you …?
Él no ha … He hasn’t … ¿Ha él …? Has he …?
Ellos no habían …
They hadn’t …
¿Ellos habían …? Had they …?
Ella no había … She hadn’t … ¿Ella no había …?
Hadn’t she …?
Para una explicación más detallada del uso de have como haber en la formación del Present Perfect, lee Present Perfect en inglés – formación / estructura (verbos regulares)



Ejemplos:

No tengo tiempo.
I don’t have time.

No tengo tu teléfono.
I don’t have your phone.

No he visto tu teléfono.
I haven’t seen your phone.

Mark no tiene un regalo.
Mark doesn’t have a present.

Mark no ha recibido un regalo.
Mark hasn’t received a present.

No teníamos una televisión.
We didn’t have a television.

No habíamos comprado una televisión.
We hadn’t bought a television.

¿Tienes las llaves?
Do you have the keys?

¿Has encontrado las llaves?
Have you found the keys?

¿Paula tenía el libro?
Did Paula have the book?

¿Paula había leído el libro?
Had Paula read the book?







HAVE GOT
En el inglés británico se utiliza mucho I have got para Yo tengo y I haven’t got en lugar de I don’t have para No tengo.  Es la estructura del Present Perfect usada para el Present Simple que utiliza la conjugación de have como verbo auxiliar (haber) más el participio pasado got del verbo to get.

Enseñar esta estructura a estudiantes con nivel principiante es, en mi opinión, el motivo principal para la confusión entre I don’t have y I haven’t porque enseguida crea confusión en la formación de los verbos del Present Simple.  Por eso yo no enseño have got hasta nivel intermedio e incluso entonces, les sugiero a mis estudiantes que, aunque lo entiendan, eviten usarlo si creen que les confundirá.

Si vas al Reino Unido es útil saber esto porque es muy probable que se oiga pero puedes utilizar I don’t have, Do you have…?, etc. perfectamente allí si te sientes más cómodo utilizando esta forma y quieres evitar una posible confusión.

Modifiquemos algunos ejemplos de arriba:

Tengo una buena oportunidad.
I have an opportunity.
I have got an opportunity. / I’ve got an opportunity.

No tengo tu teléfono.
I don’t have your phone.
I haven’t got your phone.

Mark no tiene un regalo.
Mark doesn’t have a present.
Mark hasn’t got a present.

¿Tienes las llaves?
Do you have the keys?
Have you got the keys?

Aunque se puede utilizar en pasado – I had got; I hadn’t got; Had you got…?, etc. – es más común usar I had; I didn’t have; Did you have…? etc..



Ahora te toca a ti practicar un poco.  ¿Cómo se traduciría lo siguiente?  Respuestas abajo.

1.  No tengo el recibo.
2.  ¿Tienes mi bolígrafo?
3.  La impresora no tiene papel.
4.  ¿Lo has llamado?
5.  No lo he terminado aún.
6.  No teníamos un plano/mapa de la ciudad.
7.  Todavía no habíamos llegado al hotel cuando empezó a llover.

















1. I don’t have a receipt.
(opción en inglés británico: I haven’t got a receipt)
2.  Do you have my pen?
(opción en inglés británico: Have you got my pen?)
3.  The printer doesn’t have any paper.
(opción en inglés británico: The printer hasn’t got any paper.)
4.  Have you called him?
5.  I haven’t finished it yet.
Still, Yet, Already (todavía, aún, ya en inglés) – diferencias
6.  We didn’t have a map of the city.
7.  We still hadn’t arrived at the hotel when it started raining / to rain.
Still Yet Already – advanced use



Espero que el post te haya servido de ayuda.  No dudes en dejar un comentario abajo.

Level Test 1

Aqui un pequeño test para saber tu nivel de Inglés básico